The distribution of nutrient elements in cell wall and other fractions of the herbage of some grasses and legumes

The distribution of 10 nutrient elements was assessed in three fractions of herbage samples of perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, white clover and lucerne. The cell wall fraction, prepared by mechanical disintegration of undried material, contained the following proportions of the total herbage content of the major elements: N, 2.9–16.4%; P, 3.0–6.9%; S, 3.6–17.2%; Ca, 11.3–51.8%; Mg. 6.4–27.6% and K, 0.1–1.7%. Substantial though more variable proportions of the trace element cations, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were also present in the cell wall fraction. The extent to which the elements were soluble in water was assessed by analysis of the water-insoluble fraction prepared from freeze-dried samples of each herbage. The proportions of the total herbage content of the major elements soluble in water were: N, 30–57%; P, 80–92%; S, 35–71%; Ca, 48–69%; Mg. 65–83% and K, 90–96%. With the trace element cations the proportions soluble in water were more variable, though they were generally less than 70% of the total. The extent to which the various elements were soluble in 80% aqueous ethanol was assessed by analysis of the insoluble fraction prepared from freeze-dried materials. With each of the major elements, smaller proportions of the total herbage content were soluble in 80% ethanol than in water, which may reflect in part the lower solubility of proteins and pectin. With the trace element cations, the differences in solubility between 80% ethanol and water were generally small and inconsistent.     

马钢A/OO生物脱氮装置的试运行

介绍了马钢A/OO生物脱氮装置的工艺流程、工艺条件及影响因素,探讨了A/OO生物脱氮工艺试运行中存在的问题和解决措施。     

Bioelectrochemical sulfate reduction enhanced nitrogen removal from industrial wastewater containing ammonia and sulfate

Low organic carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and existing sulfate (SO₄²⁻) in industrial wastewater limited nitrogen removal. Coupling SO₄²⁻ reduction with sulfide autotrophic denitrification provides a novel strategy. Herein, bioelectrochemical sulfate reduction was coupled with heterotrophic sulfate reduction to drive sulfide autotrophic denitrification. In this coupled system, total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency was increased from ~25% to ~85% by inputting −45 mA electricity. With the help of supplying electrons to denitrification through SO₄²⁻ reduction, coulomb efficiency was improved to 61.5%. Also, bioelectrochemical sulfate reduction could improve sulfur recovery and thus increase TN removal efficiency. Furthermore, through tuning turnover numbers of SO₄²⁻, high TN removal efficiency can be obtained at various concentrations of SO₄²⁻. Moreover, main functional bacteria in this system were identified. Finally, ~75% TN removal efficiency was achieved with real wastewater in this system. Overall, this work offered a new approach for efficient nitrogen removal from industrial wastewater containing SO₄²⁻.     

Intensification of low-grade methane enrichment in nitrogen mixture by CH4/CO2 displacement

To solve the problem of CO₂ uncompleted desorption in the process of CO₂ displacement enhancing the adsorption separation of CH₄/N₂, a small amount of product gas CH₄ was used as purge gas to improve the CO₂ desorption. CH₄/CO₂ mixture gas obtained from desorption step was recycled as the displacement gas to enhance the enrichment of low-grade methane in nitrogen mixture. In this work, the research conducted the experiments for CH₄/N₂ separation using CH₄/CO₂ displacement intensification adsorption and the laboratory-made coconut shell activated carbon as sorbent. The mathematical models were built in gPROMS and the accuracy of models was verified by comparison of simulations and CH₄/N₂/CO₂ breakthrough experiments. The performance of enrichment of low-grade methane with displacement intensification using different displacer was compared. The result showed that the process with CH₄/CO₂ displacement had higher purity product than CO₂ displacement. The CH₄/ CO₂ mixed gas replacement enhanced vacuum pressure swing adsorption cycle experiment was carried out, which can jointly enrich 14% CH₄/ N₂ and 53% CH₄/CO₂ to 98.8%, and at the same time obtain a recovery rate of 77.8%.     

无机纤维棉生物膜载体反应器脱氮性能及优化

研究了一种生态多孔纤维棉(EPFC)的生物挂膜性能,并将其应用于脱氮反应器中,考察不同DO水平与装置设计(填充率、孔密度)对脱氮效果的影响。结果表明,EPFC是一种良好的生物挂膜材料。DO含量对反应器脱氮效果影响显著,在ρ(DO)=10~11 mg/L、HRT=5 d时NH₄⁺-N去除率最高97.41%;TN去除率在ρ(DO)=9~10 mg/L、HRT=4 d时最高45.52%。对装置设计进行优化后,发现反应器BR5脱氮效果最好,其填料填充率为2/3、孔密度为5.2个/cm²;优化运行条件为ρ(DO)=9~10 mg/L、HRT=5 d,NH₄⁺-N与TN去除率分别可达98.59%和59.93%。可为EPFC进一步应用于生物脱氮工艺如生物接触氧化法、序批式活性污泥法工艺等提供思路。     

CAB Furnace Atmosphere Visualisation Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE BRAZING(CAB)ofaluminum alloys using a non-corrosive fluxing agent isnow established as the predominant process for brazingheat exchangers of all types.Solvay Fluor developedthe original Nocolok flux in cooperation with AlcanAluminum.In today's automotive industry almost allcar and truck radiators,oil coolers and air conditioningheat exchangers are manufactured this way.To obtaina brazed joint one or both components must bemanufactured from a suitable clad mat…     

氮离子注入钢表面碳层的研究

本文对四种相同能量、不同剂量氮离子注入的GCr15钢表面形成的石墨碳层进行了Auger研究。Auger剖面谱图的结果表明此碳层厚度与氮离子的注入剂量成正比。与摩擦磨损实验结果比较,发现摩擦系数在随时间变化曲线的初期,小于0.20,即离子注入过程中钢表面形成的碳层有助于减小摩擦系数。     

氮含量对022Cr25Ni7Mo3N双相不锈钢热加工行为的影响

通过热拉伸、热压缩试验研究了不同氮含量的022Cr25Ni7Mo3N双相不锈钢的热加工行为和软化机制。结果表明,试验钢高温抗拉强度随N含量增加而提高,该影响关系在较低变形温度区间尤为明显;在1100℃平面压缩达到稳态流变之后,试验钢的流变应力很快再次上升,出现二次硬化现象,N含量提高致使试验钢在更低的应变条件下更快地进入二次硬化阶段;试验钢高温变形过程中的应变主要传导到高温更软的铁素体相中,该相积蓄的较大应变能促进了铁素体的动态再结晶启动;022Cr25Ni7Mo3N双相不锈钢的软化机制主要是铁素体的动态回复和动态连续再结晶。     

离子束增强沉积Si─N膜

用离子束增强沉积方法制备了ＳｉＮ薄膜，其中Ｓｉ由一束Ａｒ离子从Ｓｉ靶上溅射下来，在溅射沉积的同时，以一束Ｎ离子轰击正在沉积的膜层，于是获得了ＳｉＮ膜。采用卢瑟福背散射、红外光谱和透射电镜对膜层的成分和结构进行了分析，结果表明：膜面平整，膜层为非晶或微晶结构，由Ｓｉ和βＳｉ３Ｎ４组成     

扳机精冲成形工艺分析及模具设计

对扳机成形的工艺进行分析,并设计了一副落料-冲孔精冲模,分析了在成形过程中的润滑工艺,并指出了该副模具的设计要点.